\u201cWater, water, every where, \/ Nor any drop to drink\u201d<\/p>\n (N\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, \/ Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng).<\/p>\n Trong nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1eeb b\u00e0i \u201cThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner\u201d c\u1ee7a Samuel Taylor Coleridge, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 c\u1ed5 than phi\u1ec1n v\u00ec b\u1ecb bao quanh b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng. Tr\u00ean con t\u00e0u gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, anh \u0111ang kh\u00e1t ch\u00e1y c\u1ed5. Sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1t gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng? B\u00e9 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang r\u1ed3i! V\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 m\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n, nh\u01b0ng B\u00e9 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft v\u00ec sao kh\u00f4ng? H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng I-CLC t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n In these lines from a well-known poem\u2014 \u201cThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner\u201d by Samuel Taylor Coleridge\u2014an \u201cancient mariner,\u201d or sailor, complains of being surrounded by\u00a0water\u00a0he cannot drink. He is on a ship in the ocean, suffering from thirst. Why would someone be thirsty when there is water all around? You guessed it! Because ocean water is too salty to drink. We know that\u00a0sea water is salty\u2014but do you know why? Let\u2019s I-CLC together!<\/em><\/p>\n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 70% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 97% trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb B\u1eafc B\u0103ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n. V\u1eady trong n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 g\u00ec? Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng!<\/p>\n Our\u00a0planet<\/a>\u00a0is made of about 70% water, and 97% of that water is salty. All the\u00a0oceans<\/a>\u2014from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Arctic to the Indian\u2014are all salty! What is in ocean water, anyway? It is mostly made up of water, of course. But there are lots of other\u00a0elements<\/span><\/a>\u00a0in the water, too. There are\u00a0dissolved<\/span><\/a>\u00a0salts and minerals in ocean water. There are small amounts of many chemicals\u2014even metals like gold!<\/em><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng qua d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y qua \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, h\u00f2a l\u1eabn v\u00e0o su\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng. Khi tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5m th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh axit nh\u1eb9, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh axit (nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cam ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e0o m\u00f2n men r\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a c\u0169ng l\u00e0m m\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf h\u00f2a v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed5 ra \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, mang theo kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n Some of these\u00a0elements<\/span>\u00a0enter the ocean through\u00a0runoff<\/span>. But what is\u00a0runoff<\/span>?\u00a0Runoff<\/span>\u00a0is water that flows over the land and into streams and rivers. When it rains, some water absorbs into the soil. When the soil can\u2019t take in any more moisture, the rainwater turns into\u00a0runoff<\/span>. Rainwater is mildly\u00a0acidic<\/span>. Just as\u00a0acidic<\/span>\u00a0foods like orange juice or soft drinks can slowly eat away the enamel of your teeth,\u00a0acidic<\/span>\u00a0rainwater eats away at rocks and soil. Tiny bits of the rock and soil join with the rainwater as\u00a0runoff<\/span>.\u00a0Runoff<\/span>\u00a0then flows into streams and rivers. Eventually, rivers flow into oceans. In that way, minerals and salts from\u00a0runoff<\/span>\u00a0make their way to the ocean.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Hai nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 natri v\u00e0 clorua. Khi natri v\u00e0 clorua k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh natri clorua, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i! Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n m\u1eb7n. Mu\u1ed1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng s\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n Two of the most common\u00a0elements<\/span>\u00a0to end up in the ocean due to\u00a0runoff<\/span>\u00a0are sodium and chloride. When sodium and chloride combine, they form sodium chloride. In other words, salt! But\u00a0runoff<\/span>\u00a0isn\u2019t the only reason that ocean water is salty. Salt also comes from the depths of the ocean.<\/em><\/p>\n D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng phun th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t \u2013 “hydro” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, “thermal” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khe n\u1ee9t phun n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0o l\u1edbp v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung n\u00f3ng b\u1edfi dung nham t\u1eeb l\u00f5i Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ra ngo\u00e0i qua c\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng phun th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec7ng phun n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra khi n\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc phun tr\u00e0o, khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n xung quanh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 h\u00f2a tan kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n Deep down on the ocean floor, there are hydrothermal\u00a0vents<\/span>. Hydro means water, and thermal means heat. Not surprisingly, these are\u00a0vents<\/span>\u00a0that push hot water into the ocean. Where does this hot water come from? Great question! First, ocean water leaks into the oceanic crust, or \u201cfloor\u201d of the ocean. It is heated by\u00a0magma<\/span>\u00a0from the earth\u2019s core. Then, this heated water gets pushed out of the hydrothermal\u00a0vents<\/span>. The warm water from the\u00a0vents<\/span><\/a>\u00a0contains a lot of\u00a0dissolved<\/span><\/a>\u00a0minerals. These include\u2014you guessed it!\u2014more salt. A similar reaction happens when underwater volcanoes erupt. The seawater surrounding the volcano reacts with the hot rocks of the volcano. Minerals and salts from those rocks dissolve into the ocean water.<\/em><\/p>\n V\u1eady gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i m\u1eb7n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n mu\u1ed1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 do d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7n? Th\u1ef1c ra, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00edt mu\u1ed1i! H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1i. H\u1ed3 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u01b0a, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch t\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1eadn d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n So now we know why ocean water is salty. But if part of the salt in the ocean comes from\u00a0runoff<\/span>\u00a0from the land, why aren\u2019t lakes and rivers salty? The answer is that they are! Most lakes and rivers are freshwater, which means they are not salty. But that doesn\u2019t mean they contain no salt. They have some salt, but less than the ocean. Lakes and rivers are\u00a0replenished<\/span>\u00a0by rain, so they do not get too salty. Oceans, though, get their salt constantly\u00a0replenished<\/span>\u00a0as rivers emptying into them.<\/em><\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3 r\u1ea5t m\u1eb7n, nh\u01b0 H\u1ed3 Mu\u1ed1i L\u1edbn v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3n Ch\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u trong \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ed3 mu\u1ed1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3n Caspi v\u00e0 \u1edf Australia c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n h\u1ed3 mu\u1ed1i! Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n m\u1eb7n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng!<\/p>\n There are some lakes that are very salty, though. You may have heard of the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea. These salty lakes tend to be very large, and they form inland (not connected to the ocean). The largest of these salt lakes is the Caspian Sea. Australia has thousands of salt lakes! Not only are these lakes salty, but they are even saltier than the ocean!<\/em><\/p>\n V\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf? C\u00e1c h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1edfi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u mang theo mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t. Khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u, h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n, nh\u01b0ng khi n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i trong m\u00f9a kh\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng cao. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong n\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eb7n g\u1ea5p m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng!<\/p>\n How could that be? Well, these lakes tend to fill up with\u00a0runoff<\/span>\u00a0and groundwater, both of which are full of salts and minerals. They may tend to be less salty during times where there is a lot of rainfall, then grow saltier as water\u00a0evaporates<\/span>\u00a0and the lake dries up. Some of these lakes dry up completely during certain times of the year. They can be ten times saltier than the ocean!<\/em><\/p>\n R\u1ea5t \u00edt sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 m\u1eb7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n v\u00ec n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 m\u1eb7n. N\u1ebfu u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ed1m v\u00ec qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng kh\u00e1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n Not many animals can live in a place that is so salty. And, of course, salt water is not healthy for people. You know from the poem at the beginning of this Wonder that we can\u2019t drink ocean water because it is too salty. In fact, if we tried to drink salt water, it would make us sick. Too much salt can be dangerous for our bodies. And because so much salt would make someone urinate more to get rid of it, drinking sea water actually makes us thirstier and more dehydrated.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i-clc.edu.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dai-duong-doi-mau1.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n